Crohn’s Disease and Medical Marijuana: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Relief

Sep 14

Imagine living with a condition that flares up without warning—causing intense abdominal pain, fatigue, and digestive distress. That’s the daily reality for nearly 780,000 Americans living with Crohn’s disease, a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the digestive tract.

While Crohn’s disease has no known cure, advancements in treatment have made it possible for many patients to achieve long-term relief and lead full, active lives. One emerging option gaining attention in recent years is medical marijuana. Backed by growing research and patient testimonials, cannabis may help ease the inflammation and discomfort associated with Crohn’s disease.

In this guide, we’ll explore the signs, symptoms, causes, and complications of Crohn’s—and dive into how medical marijuana may offer new hope for symptom management and improved quality of life.

What is Crohn’s Disease?

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, lifelong inflammatory condition that targets the gastrointestinal (GI) tract—often with unpredictable and disruptive consequences. As a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s causes the body’s immune system to mistakenly attack healthy tissues in the digestive system, leading to persistent inflammation that can extend deep into the layers of the bowel wall.

What makes Crohn’s particularly complex is that it doesn’t affect everyone the same way. For some, it might involve just a small segment of the intestine; for others, the inflammation can appear in multiple patches throughout both the small and large intestines. In some cases, Crohn’s is confined entirely to the colon (the large intestine), while in others, it may affect areas from the mouth to the anus.

This variation contributes to the disease’s reputation as both difficult to diagnose and challenging to manage. Symptoms may come and go in waves, with periods of intense flare-ups followed by stretches of remission where the disease seems to disappear—only to return again unpredictably.

Despite its challenges, Crohn’s is far from a hopeless diagnosis. With proper medical care and lifestyle adjustments, including emerging therapies like medical marijuana, many individuals are able to control symptoms, reduce flare-ups, and live fulfilling, active lives.

Understanding Crohn’s is the first step toward managing it—and exploring every possible treatment option, including those on the cutting edge of medical science, can make all the difference.

Common Crohn’s Disease Symptoms

The symptoms of Crohn’s disease can be as unpredictable as the condition itself. They often vary from one person to another depending on the location and severity of the inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Some individuals experience mild discomfort, while others face severe, life-disrupting flare-ups that require immediate medical attention.

Symptoms often develop gradually, but in some cases, they can appear suddenly and without warning. Periods of active disease, known as flare-ups, are often followed by phases of remission, where symptoms lessen or even disappear temporarily—only to resurface later. This cycle can make it difficult to predict or manage the disease without ongoing treatment and care.

Most Common Symptoms of Crohn’s Disease Include:

Chronic diarrhea: One of the hallmark signs, diarrhea is caused by inflammation that disrupts the body’s ability to absorb water and nutrients properly.
Abdominal pain and cramping: Inflammation and ulceration can lead to intense pain, often located in the lower right abdomen, though it can vary.
Fatigue: Constant inflammation, nutrient deficiencies, and poor sleep quality can leave patients feeling physically drained and mentally exhausted.
Unintended weight loss: Due to reduced appetite, poor nutrient absorption, and frequent diarrhea, significant and rapid weight loss is common.
Blood in the stool: Ulcers and inflammation in the intestinal lining can lead to rectal bleeding, which may appear as bright red blood or dark, tarry stools.
Mouth sores: Painful ulcers can develop not only in the intestines but also in the mouth, particularly during active flare-ups.
Fever: Low-grade fever is often a sign of underlying inflammation or infection and may accompany a flare-up.
Loss of appetite: Constant nausea, pain, and digestive distress can make eating a struggle, worsening weight loss and fatigue.
Pain or drainage near the anus: This can result from fistulas—abnormal tunnels that develop between the intestine and the skin near the anus.

Advanced or Severe Symptoms

In more serious cases, Crohn’s disease can go beyond the digestive tract and cause symptoms throughout the body, including:

Skin, eye, or joint inflammation: The immune system dysfunction that drives Crohn’s can trigger inflammation in other organs.
Liver and bile duct complications: In some cases, inflammation spreads to the liver, increasing the risk of gallstones and liver disorders.
Kidney stones: Malabsorption of fat can lead to a buildup of substances like oxalate, increasing the risk of stone formation.
Iron deficiency anemia: Chronic bleeding and poor absorption of iron-rich foods can lead to persistent fatigue and dizziness.
Growth delays in children: Crohn’s can interfere with normal growth and development due to nutrient deficiencies and chronic inflammation.

Because these symptoms can overlap with other gastrointestinal conditions, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider for accurate diagnosis and treatment. The earlier Crohn’s is identified, the more effectively it can be managed—especially with supportive treatments like medical cannabis, which may help relieve many of these debilitating symptoms.

What Causes Crohn’s Disease?

The exact cause of Crohn’s disease remains a medical mystery, but research suggests it’s the result of a complex interplay between genetics, the immune system, environmental factors, and possibly even the gut microbiome. While Crohn’s is not contagious and cannot be passed from person to person, certain inherited traits and lifestyle habits may increase the risk of developing the condition.

1. A Faulty Immune Response

One of the leading theories about Crohn’s disease centers around the immune system. Normally, the immune system defends the body against harmful invaders like bacteria, viruses, and toxins. But in people with Crohn’s, this defense system seems to malfunction.
Instead of only targeting harmful microbes, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues in the digestive tract. This abnormal immune response triggers chronic inflammation that can damage the intestinal walls over time, causing many of the painful and disruptive symptoms associated with the disease.

2. Genetics and Family History

Crohn’s disease is more likely to occur in individuals who have a first-degree relative—such as a parent, sibling, or child—diagnosed with the condition. According to the Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation of America, up to 20% of people with Crohn’s have a close family member who also suffers from some form of IBD.

Scientists have identified over 200 genetic mutations that may be associated with Crohn’s, many of which are related to how the body regulates its immune response and maintains the integrity of the intestinal lining. While having these genes doesn't guarantee someone will develop the disease, it does increase susceptibility.

3. Environmental Triggers

Environmental factors may play a significant role in triggering Crohn’s in people who are genetically predisposed. These factors might include:

A Western diet high in processed foods, refined sugars, and unhealthy fats
Frequent use of antibiotics, which can alter the gut microbiome
Urban living, which is associated with higher Crohn’s rates than rural environments
Air pollution or exposure to other environmental toxins

While these elements are not direct causes, they can influence how the disease develops or progresses, especially when combined with other risk factors.

4. Gut Microbiome Imbalance

Emerging research points to the importance of the gut microbiome—the trillions of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes living in the digestive tract. A healthy microbiome helps regulate inflammation, digestion, and immunity.
In people with Crohn’s, this microbial community may become unbalanced, leading to an overgrowth of harmful bacteria and a reduction in beneficial strains. This dysbiosis could contribute to the chronic inflammation seen in Crohn’s patients.

5. Lifestyle Risk Factors

Certain lifestyle choices and medications may not directly cause Crohn’s, but they can increase the risk or worsen existing symptoms:

Smoking: This is the most well-established controllable risk factor for Crohn’s disease. Smokers are more likely to develop the disease and to experience more severe symptoms, complications, and surgical interventions.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Medications like ibuprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac can irritate the GI tract and may exacerbate inflammation in people with Crohn’s.
Stress: While stress doesn’t cause Crohn’s, it can certainly trigger flare-ups and worsen symptoms due to its impact on immune function and gut motility.

Although we still don’t have a single, definitive cause of Crohn’s disease, understanding the contributing factors can help patients take proactive steps in managing their health. From reducing environmental triggers to exploring immune-modulating therapies like medical marijuana, there are many ways to support the body and ease the burden of this complex disease

How is Crohn’s Disease Diagnosed?

Crohn’s disease is diagnosed through a combination of tests to rule out other causes:

1. Blood Tests

Blood tests are often the first step. They help detect anemia (low red blood cell count) and signs of inflammation, which are common in Crohn’s disease. Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) may be elevated. Additionally, specialized tests can screen for nutritional deficiencies caused by poor nutrient absorption in the gut.

2. Stool Tests

A stool sample can provide critical insights into whether symptoms are caused by infection or inflammation. Doctors may look for blood, white blood cells, or pathogens (such as parasites or bacteria). Elevated levels of calprotectin or lactoferrin in stool may point to inflammation in the intestines, increasing the likelihood of an IBD diagnosis.

3. Endoscopy

An upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD) allows doctors to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine using a thin, flexible tube with a camera. This helps detect inflammation, ulcers, or other abnormalities in the upper GI tract, which may be affected by Crohn’s.

4. Colonoscopy

One of the most important tools for diagnosing Crohn’s is a colonoscopy, which allows the physician to inspect the entire large intestine and the end of the small intestine (terminal ileum). During this procedure, doctors can visually identify inflammation, bleeding, and ulcers, and also collect tissue samples (biopsies) for microscopic examination. The presence of granulomas in the biopsy is a strong indicator of Crohn’s disease.

5. Imaging Tests

To see areas of the small intestine that are out of reach of traditional scopes, your doctor may order advanced imaging tests like:

CT (Computed Tomography) scans: These can provide detailed cross-sectional images of the abdomen and pelvis to detect bowel thickening, strictures, abscesses, or fistulas.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): MRI enterography offers a highly sensitive way to visualize soft tissues, including the small intestine, and is often preferred for younger patients due to the lack of radiation exposure.
Capsule endoscopy: In some cases, patients may swallow a tiny camera capsule that takes thousands of pictures as it travels through the digestive tract, offering a full view of areas not accessible through standard scopes.

6. Biopsy

During an endoscopy or colonoscopy, a small tissue sample may be taken from the intestinal lining. A biopsy allows pathologists to examine the cells under a microscope to look for hallmark signs of Crohn’s, such as inflammation, granulomas, and structural damage.

The Importance of Early Diagnosis

Getting an early and accurate diagnosis is crucial. Left untreated, Crohn’s disease can lead to serious complications, such as bowel obstructions, malnutrition, and fistulas. Early intervention allows for better management of symptoms and a higher chance of maintaining long-term remission.

If you're experiencing persistent digestive symptoms, don’t delay seeking medical help. Diagnosing Crohn’s may involve multiple steps, but it’s a vital journey toward managing the disease—and exploring modern treatment options, including medical marijuana, which may help reduce inflammation and improve quality of life.

Complications of Untreated Crohn’s Disease

While some individuals with Crohn’s disease may experience mild symptoms that come and go, it’s important to understand that untreated or poorly managed Crohn’s can lead to serious, long-term health complications. This chronic inflammatory condition doesn’t just affect the digestive tract—it can have widespread effects on the body, potentially impacting your nutritional health, immune system, and overall quality of life.

1. Bowel Obstruction

One of the most common complications of Crohn’s disease is intestinal blockage or bowel obstruction. Chronic inflammation can cause sections of the intestinal walls to thicken and scar, leading to a narrowing of the digestive tract—a condition known as stricture. This can restrict the flow of food and waste, resulting in cramping, bloating, vomiting, and constipation. In severe cases, surgery may be needed to remove or widen the affected section.

2. Ulcers and Perforations

Ongoing inflammation in the digestive tract can lead to the formation of open sores or ulcers anywhere from the mouth to the anus. These ulcers can deepen over time and may result in perforations—holes in the intestinal wall—which can cause life-threatening infections and require emergency medical attention.

3. Fistulas

When ulcers extend through the entire thickness of the intestinal wall, they can create fistulas—abnormal connections between different parts of the intestine or between the intestine and other organs, such as the bladder, skin, or vagina. Fistulas are not only painful but can also cause infections, abscesses, and leakage of waste material. Some fistulas require surgery to repair.

4. Anal Fissures

Crohn’s can cause tears in the lining of the anus, known as anal fissures, which can be extremely painful and may bleed during bowel movements. If left untreated, fissures can become chronic and lead to further complications like abscesses or infections in the surrounding tissue.

5. Malnutrition and Nutrient Deficiencies

Inflammation in the small intestine can severely impact the body's ability to absorb essential nutrients, leading to malnutrition, unintended weight loss, and deficiencies in vitamins like B12, D, and iron. This can result in fatigue, weakness, and anemia, and in children, it may even impair normal growth and development.

6. Colon Cancer

Long-standing Crohn’s disease that affects the colon (Crohn’s colitis) increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer. The risk is higher the longer a person has the disease and the more widespread the inflammation. Regular screening colonoscopies are crucial for early detection and prevention.

7. Systemic Complications

Crohn’s disease can cause inflammation outside of the digestive tract as well, leading to:

Arthritis in large and small joints
Skin disorders like erythema nodosum or pyoderma gangrenosum
Eye inflammation, such as uveitis or episcleritis
Liver and bile duct problems, including primary sclerosing cholangitis
Osteoporosis due to chronic inflammation and corticosteroid use
Kidney stones caused by altered absorption of minerals

8. Blood Clots

People with Crohn’s disease have an increased risk of developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Chronic inflammation increases clotting factors in the blood, making these dangerous conditions more likely, especially during flare-ups or hospitalizations.

Medical Marijuana as a Crohn’s Disease Treatment Option

In recent years, medical marijuana has emerged as a promising alternative therapy for managing the complex symptoms of Crohn’s disease. While traditional treatments focus primarily on suppressing inflammation and modulating the immune system, many patients seek additional options to help alleviate pain, improve appetite, reduce nausea, and enhance overall quality of life. Medical marijuana offers a unique approach by interacting with the body’s natural endocannabinoid system, which plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions that are often disrupted by Crohn’s disease.

How Medical Marijuana Works in Crohn’s Disease

Medical marijuana contains active compounds called cannabinoids, with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) being the most studied. These cannabinoids bind to receptors in the endocannabinoid system located throughout the body, including the brain, immune cells, and gastrointestinal tract. By influencing these receptors, medical marijuana may help:

Reduce inflammation: Cannabinoids have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, which may help calm the chronic inflammation characteristic of Crohn’s disease.
Relieve pain: Chronic abdominal pain is a common symptom of Crohn’s, and cannabinoids can interact with the nervous system to provide effective pain relief without the side effects associated with opioids or NSAIDs.
Stimulate appetite: Many people with Crohn’s struggle with reduced appetite and unintended weight loss. THC, in particular, is known to enhance appetite, helping patients maintain proper nutrition.
Improve nausea and vomiting: Medical marijuana can help ease gastrointestinal discomfort, including nausea, which is often a side effect of Crohn’s medications or disease flare-ups.
Regulate gut motility: The endocannabinoid system helps control gastrointestinal motility, which may reduce symptoms like diarrhea or cramping.

Scientific Evidence and Research

Although more rigorous clinical trials are needed, several studies suggest that medical marijuana can significantly improve quality of life for Crohn’s patients. Some research has reported improvements in symptom severity, reduction in steroid use, and even some evidence of decreased inflammation markers. However, medical marijuana is generally considered complementary rather than a replacement for conventional therapies like immunosuppressants or biologics.

Legal Access and How to Get Started

Thanks to updated laws in Virginia (2021), getting access to medical cannabis for Crohn’s disease is easier than ever. Patients interested in this treatment can typically obtain a medical marijuana card by consulting with a qualified healthcare provider who will evaluate their condition and discuss the potential benefits and risks.

Book a virtual consultation with a certified medical marijuana doctor via our website
Complete intake forms through our secure patient portal
Meet your provider via telemedicine (appointments last 10–15 minutes)
Receive your medical cannabis certification by email
Apply online with the Virginia Board of Pharmacy (5-minute process)

All appointments are risk-free and 100% refundable if medical marijuana isn’t the right fit for you.

Important Considerations and Safety

While medical marijuana holds promise, it’s essential to approach its use thoughtfully:

Dosage and strain selection: Different strains and cannabinoid profiles may work better for different symptoms. A healthcare provider specializing in medical cannabis can help tailor your treatment.
Potential side effects: Some users may experience dizziness, dry mouth, or changes in mood. It’s important to monitor how your body responds and communicate any concerns with your provider.
Interactions with other medications: Always inform your doctor about any medications or supplements you are taking to avoid possible interactions.

The Future of Crohn’s Disease Management

Medical marijuana represents a new frontier in the holistic management of Crohn’s disease. By addressing symptoms that traditional treatments may not fully control, it offers hope for improved comfort and daily functioning. As research continues and laws evolve, more patients may find relief through this natural, targeted approach.

If you suffer from Crohn’s disease and are interested in exploring medical marijuana as part of your treatment plan, consider scheduling an appointment with CannabisMD TeleMed today. Our compassionate experts are here to guide you every step of the way toward better symptom control and enhanced quality of life.

FAQs

Is medical marijuana safe for treating Crohn’s disease?

Medical marijuana is generally considered safe for many patients when used under the supervision of a licensed healthcare provider. It has shown promise in helping reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and improve appetite in Crohn’s patients. However, more extensive clinical research is still needed to fully understand its long-term safety and efficacy. It’s essential to consult with your physician before starting medical marijuana to ensure it’s appropriate for your individual health needs and won’t interfere with any other treatments you’re receiving.

Can medical marijuana cure Crohn’s disease?

Currently, there is no cure for Crohn’s disease, and medical marijuana is no exception. While cannabis may help manage many symptoms—such as pain, nausea, and loss of appetite—it does not eliminate the underlying inflammation or immune system dysfunction that causes the disease. Medical marijuana should be viewed as a complementary therapy that supports overall symptom control and quality of life, rather than a standalone cure.

If I start using medical marijuana, can I stop my prescribed Crohn’s medications?

Absolutely not. It is crucial that you do not stop or change your Crohn’s disease medications without consulting your healthcare provider. Medical marijuana can be used alongside conventional treatments to help manage symptoms, but it does not replace the medications prescribed by your doctor. Abruptly stopping medication can lead to disease flare-ups and serious complications. Always discuss any changes to your treatment plan with your physician.

How does medical marijuana help with Crohn’s symptoms?

Medical marijuana interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system, which regulates pain, inflammation, mood, appetite, and digestive function. Cannabinoids like THC and CBD may help reduce intestinal inflammation, relieve abdominal pain, decrease nausea, and stimulate appetite—common and challenging symptoms for Crohn’s patients. Many users also report improved sleep and reduced anxiety, which can further enhance their overall well-being.

What should I expect during the process of getting a medical marijuana card for Crohn’s disease?

The process typically begins with a consultation with a qualified medical marijuana provider, who will review your medical history and symptoms. Many services, like CannabisMD TeleMed, offer convenient virtual appointments where you can discuss your condition confidentially. If approved, you’ll receive a certification allowing you to apply for a medical marijuana card through your state’s regulatory board. The card enables you to legally purchase cannabis products from licensed dispensaries. Providers will also guide you on proper usage, dosing, and strain selection tailored to Crohn’s symptoms

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References

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Scott Fiore